Taken and quoted from The Freeguard.

(Contains spoilers read with caution)

Geography
The three major continents currently available for adventurers to explore are Quon, Mindartia and Aradjiah.
Vana'diel Map

The Republic of Bastok and the Kingdom of San d'Oria are located on the western continent of Quon; southwest of Quon is Zepwell Island, part of the Kuzotz region, a land mass is home to the arid Altepa Desert. The Federation of Windurst is situated on the eastern continent of Mindartia, and the thick jungles of the Elshimo regions lie to the southeast of Mindartia.

These two continents are closely connected at a point and several great bridges span that divide, allowing adventurers to travel and trade between the two. Atop of these bridges sits The Grand Duchy of Jeuno.

The continent of Aradjiah is situated to the east of Mindartia beyond the seas of the Gugru Blue. This land encompasses the Empire of Aht Urhgan. Upon its western shores, often referred to by adventurers as the Near East, lies the city of Al Zahbi.

Quon:
The largest continent of Vana'diel. Climates vary from the frigid cold of the northern glaciers to the sweltering heat of the southern deserts. This land has an abundance of plant and animal life, and a large variety of mammals make Quon their home. The Quon continent is populated by the Hume, Elvaan, and Galka races at a ratio of 6:3:1. The main nations are the Elvaan Kingdom of San d'Oria, situated in the central northern forest belt; the southern Hume Republic of Bastok, surrounded by mountains and desert; and the Hume-governed Duchy of Jeuno, built upon the bridges that connect Quon to the continent of Mindartia.
The staple food of San d'Oria is wheat, while Bastok relies on harvesting rye and popotoes. Many regions also herd giant sheep as livestock.
The advance troops of the Orcish Empire to the north and the stronghold of the Quadav in the swamplands to the east comprise the two main beastmen powers on the continent.

Mindartia
This continent is situated to the east of Quon. With the exceptions of Sarutabaruta in the south and Li'Telor to the northeast, Mindartia is comprised mainly of dry, rocky badlands. The vegetation here has adapted to suit the arid conditions, and animal life is dominated by reptile and insect species. The main races of people are the Tarutaru and the Mithra at a ratio of roughly 4:1. The Federation of Windurst is the homeland of the Tarutaru, and features the magical city of Windurst and the port town of Mhaura as its centers of civilization.
Corn and popotoes are the staple food source of Windurst, with dhalmels and rarabs kept as livestock. The beastmen presence takes the form of the Yagudo Theomilitary, a race that makes its home to the west of the continent and maintains a pretense of friendly relations with Windurst.

Aradjiah:
Dominated by The Empire of Aht Urhgan, the Western Aradjiah Continent is a landmass found east of Mindartia, across the Gugru Blue and is referred to by people throughout Vana'diel as "The Near East". The region of Aht Urhgan is part of Aradjiah, although only a portion of the continent can be explored by adventurers as the land mass actually extends far beyond the precipitous mountain ranges that lie in the center of the Aradjiah continent. The mountains are inhabited by the Trolls, a warlike race of giants once themselves mercenaries for the Empire, but who now ally with the Moblin folk. The lands beyond are occupied by races or tribes which have been at war with the Empire in the distant past, and about which the Imperial Palace in Aht Urhgan Whitegate seems very reluctant to divulge any details.

The accessible areas of land on this continent range from lush forests and roiling volcanoes to haunted reefs and undersea citadels. The Empire of Aht Urhgan, unlike The Marquisate of Tavnazia, is not an intricate part of the history of the Great War, mainly due to the Empire's refusal to come to the alliance's aid in those troubled times.
Related to the continent through conquest by The Empire of Aht Urhgan, the Arrapago Islands lie north of the western peninsula of Aradjiah. There is but one vestige of civilization left intact on the island, that of the port city of Nashmau. The rest of the lands are covered, generally in a haze. The greenness of the foliage should not distract visitors from the fact that Lamiae, Imps, Qutrubs, and undead creatures such as skeletons, fomor and more lurk in these areas, waiting to prey on the unsuspecting adventurer.

Possible World Map (not official or proven):
World Map

Unknown Regions
There are a number of continents that are unexplored by most adventurers. The known areas adventurers from the Middle Lands have yet to explore are the Far East (which has some connections with the Tenshodo), the Mithran homeland of the Far South, the Far North, and the elusive Far West. These include:

The empires far to the east (home to the Samurai, Ninja, Tenzen, Gessho, many items, and many Vana'dielan holidays). The flag for the nation in which Tenzen originates from may be the Phoenix symbol found on his kote. There are a group of Yagudo known as the Tengu that live in the Far East, making it a potential homeland for the Yagudo.
The continent of Olzhirya, located far to the south, is seemingly the Mithra homeland, and origin of various merchandise such as the Igqira Weskit Set, Ngoma, and Tsahyan Mask. During the Crystal War, many volunteers arrived to join the Mithra Mercenaries. Three known nations include Gha Naboh, the motherland of the Mithra, the nation of Zhwa, the homeland of both Naja Salaheem and Haja Zhwan, and the island nation of Tsahya. There may be other countries in the Far South, based on the Taffeta Cloth item description.

The frozen continent Rhazowa lies to the north. This likely contains the Orcish Empire and the island(s) from which the Gigas tribes originate from.
The Far Western continent, possibly Ulbuka, origin of the Bison Jacket Set – as well as the exorcists Gertrude, Brian and Roger, who featured in the The Dark Lilies game for Harvest Festival 2006.

The currently mapped world is estimated to be one quarter to one half of Vana'diel. Since airship travel is controlled by the Grand Duchy of Jeuno, there is little travel outside of these known lands. There are still recipes and items associated with these lands, so trade may take place while travel remains restricted. Also, the Marquisite of Tavnazia once traded with the Near East, Far South, and the Far West.The Freeguard

Some sort of one-stop service agency for many housekeeping desires: Besides featuring services intended for regular house cleaning tasks, this business also delivers other linked services like upholstery cleaning, laundry clean-up, aircon arranging and household painting. deep cleaning